THESE NOTES ARE PREPARED ACCORDING TO JKBOSE SYLLABI IN SIMPLIFIED AND CONCISE PATTERN
Exercises
Q. What do we get from Cereals, Pulses, fruits and vegetables?
Ans: Cereals such as rice, wheat, maize provide us with carbohydrates.
Pulses such as gram, pea provide us proteins.
Fruits and vegetables provide us vitamins, minerals in addition to cabohydrates, proteins.
Q. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
Ans: Biotic factors mean living organisms or their metabolic products.
Biotic factors have negative effects on crop production. E.g Fungi called P oryzae cause blast diseases in rice.
Abiotic factors include drought, salinity, water logging, heat, frost.
They have negative effects on crop production.
E.g Increase in temperature causes loss of water and growth of microorganisms.
Q. What are the different ways in which we can improve Crop variety?
Ans: A good crop variety is one which gives good yeild, wider adaptability and is diseases resistant.
There are different ways to improve crop variety.
1. Hybridization: Hybridization means cross breeding between two genetically different parents to produce hybrid.
Hybridization may be interspecific or intra specific.
2. Genetic modification: Another way to improve crop variety is by changing genome of crops. E.g BT Cotton.
Q. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement?
Ans: Desirable agronomic characters for crop improvement are:
1. Tallness in fodder crops and dwarfness in cereals.
2. Wider adaptability across different environments.
3. High yeild and high nutrition.
4. Diseases resistance.
Q. What are macronutrients and why are they called macronutrients?
Ans: Cereals such as rice, wheat, maize provide us with carbohydrates.
Pulses such as gram, pea provide us proteins.
Fruits and vegetables provide us vitamins, minerals in addition to cabohydrates, proteins.
Q. How do biotic and abiotic factors affect crop production?
Ans: Biotic factors mean living organisms or their metabolic products.
Biotic factors have negative effects on crop production. E.g Fungi called P oryzae cause blast diseases in rice.
Abiotic factors include drought, salinity, water logging, heat, frost.
They have negative effects on crop production.
E.g Increase in temperature causes loss of water and growth of microorganisms.
Q. What are the different ways in which we can improve Crop variety?
Ans: A good crop variety is one which gives good yeild, wider adaptability and is diseases resistant.
There are different ways to improve crop variety.
1. Hybridization: Hybridization means cross breeding between two genetically different parents to produce hybrid.
Hybridization may be interspecific or intra specific.
2. Genetic modification: Another way to improve crop variety is by changing genome of crops. E.g BT Cotton.
Q. What are the desirable agronomic characteristics for crop improvement?
Ans: Desirable agronomic characters for crop improvement are:
1. Tallness in fodder crops and dwarfness in cereals.
2. Wider adaptability across different environments.
3. High yeild and high nutrition.
4. Diseases resistance.
Q. What are macronutrients and why are they called macronutrients?
Ans: The nutrients which are required by plants in large quantities are called Macronutrients.
Deficiency of these nutrients affects growth, reproduction and health.
Macronutrients include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Pottasium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur.
Q. Compare the use of manure and fertilizers in mantaining soil fertility.
Ans:
Q.
Q. What is Crop protection management? What are its various methods? Or
Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
Ans: The protection of crops againsy weeds, pests, diseases is called crop protection management.
Various methods for crop protection are:
1. Mechanical: Weeds are removed by uprooting, weeding, ploughing, burning, flooding etc.
2. Preventive: Preventive methods include use of resistant varieties of crops, crop rotatio etc.
3. Chemical : Chemical methods include a. Use of weedicides such as 2,4-D.
b. Use of insecticides such as malathion
c. Use of fungicides such as Dithane.
4. Biological : Biological control involves use of use of organisms which feed on weeds, insects etc.
E.g Grass Carp feeds on weeds in pond.
Q. What factors are responsible for loss of grains during storage?
Ans: During storage, the grains undergo degredation in quality, loss of weight, discoloration and rotting.
Factors responsible for loss of grain during storage are:
1. High temperature
2. Moisture
3. Microorganisms
4. Insects, rodents and birds.
Q. What methods are commonly used for improving cattle breeds?
Ans: A breed is sub group within a species having distinguishing traits.
Cattle are bred for milk, leather, meat, draught.
Methods for improving cattle breeds are:
1. Natural breeding: It is traditional method where local cows are cross bred with bulls of exotic breeds.
E.g Karan Swiss: cross between Brown swiss and Sahiwal,
Karan Fries: cross between holstein and thaparkar.
2. Artificial insemination: It is the process of artificially injecting semen from desired male bull into cow.
Q. What are the differences between Broilers and Layers and in their management?
Ans:
Why should preventive measures and biological control methods be preferred for protecting crops?
Ans: The protection of crops againsy weeds, pests, diseases is called crop protection management.
Various methods for crop protection are:
1. Mechanical: Weeds are removed by uprooting, weeding, ploughing, burning, flooding etc.
2. Preventive: Preventive methods include use of resistant varieties of crops, crop rotatio etc.
3. Chemical : Chemical methods include a. Use of weedicides such as 2,4-D.
b. Use of insecticides such as malathion
c. Use of fungicides such as Dithane.
4. Biological : Biological control involves use of use of organisms which feed on weeds, insects etc.
E.g Grass Carp feeds on weeds in pond.
Q. What factors are responsible for loss of grains during storage?
Ans: During storage, the grains undergo degredation in quality, loss of weight, discoloration and rotting.
Factors responsible for loss of grain during storage are:
1. High temperature
2. Moisture
3. Microorganisms
4. Insects, rodents and birds.
Q. What methods are commonly used for improving cattle breeds?
Ans: A breed is sub group within a species having distinguishing traits.
Cattle are bred for milk, leather, meat, draught.
Methods for improving cattle breeds are:
1. Natural breeding: It is traditional method where local cows are cross bred with bulls of exotic breeds.
E.g Karan Swiss: cross between Brown swiss and Sahiwal,
Karan Fries: cross between holstein and thaparkar.
2. Artificial insemination: It is the process of artificially injecting semen from desired male bull into cow.
Q. What are the differences between Broilers and Layers and in their management?
Ans:
Broilers: The poultry birds reared for meat are called broilers.
They are raised in farm for 6 to 7 weeks.
They are fed with protein and vitamin A & K rich diet.
Optimum temperature and hygenic conditions are mantained.
Layers: The poultry birds reared for eggs are called layers.
They start laying eggs after 20 weeks.
Vegetarian eggs are preferred over fertilized eggs.
Optimum temperature and hygenic conditions are mantained.
Q. Write a short note on diseases in poultry fowls.
Ans: Poultry birds suffer from various diseases caused by Virus, bacteria, fungi etc.
They various poultry diseases are Dermitis, Fowlpox, Aspergillosis.
These diseases are prevented by sanitation, spraying disinfectants, vaccination etc.
Q. What are the advantages of Composite fish culture?
Ans: Composite fish culture is rearing of many different species of fish togather in a pond.
Usually 3 to 6 different fish species are reared togather in a single pond.
These different species eat different food and take different spaces in a pond.
The composite fish culture increases fish yeild from pond.
They are raised in farm for 6 to 7 weeks.
They are fed with protein and vitamin A & K rich diet.
Optimum temperature and hygenic conditions are mantained.
Layers: The poultry birds reared for eggs are called layers.
They start laying eggs after 20 weeks.
Vegetarian eggs are preferred over fertilized eggs.
Optimum temperature and hygenic conditions are mantained.
Q. Write a short note on diseases in poultry fowls.
Ans: Poultry birds suffer from various diseases caused by Virus, bacteria, fungi etc.
They various poultry diseases are Dermitis, Fowlpox, Aspergillosis.
These diseases are prevented by sanitation, spraying disinfectants, vaccination etc.
Q. What are the advantages of Composite fish culture?
Ans: Composite fish culture is rearing of many different species of fish togather in a pond.
Usually 3 to 6 different fish species are reared togather in a single pond.
These different species eat different food and take different spaces in a pond.
The composite fish culture increases fish yeild from pond.
E.g Catla, Rohu, Common carp are cultured togather.
Q. What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
Ans: Various varieties of bees are used for honey production such as Apis indica, Apis florae, A. mellifera . The desirable characters of bee varieties for honey production are:
1. The bee should have high honey collection capacity.
2. It should sting less.
3. It should stay in a beehive for longer periods.
4. It should breed very well.
Q. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
Ans: Pasturage means flowers available to bees for nectar.
The quality and kind of pasturage or flowers available has impact production and taste of honey.
Q. What are the advantages of Intercropping and Crop rotation?
Ans:
Inter-cropping: It is an agriculture practice of growing two or more crops togather in a same field in definite rows.
Intercropping increases production per unit area.
Example: Soyabean and Maize are grown togather.
Crop Rotation: The growing of different crops on same land in succession is called crop rotation.
Crop rotation controls Pests and Weeds. It also reduces need of fertilizers.
Example: Mustard is grown after Maize.
Q. What is genetic manipulation? How it is useful in agriculture practices?
Ans: The use of biotechnology to induce certain traits at genetic level in crops is genetic manipulation.
These traits include resistance to diseases, High yeild.
Genetic manipulation can be achieved by hybridization, DNA recombinant technology.
Such practices help to create high yeilding varieties of crop.
It helps to create diseases resistant varieties of crop.
They helps to create drought and heat resistant varieties of crop.
Q. What is irrigation?
Ans: The process of supplying adequate water to crops by means of canals, rivers, pumps, lift systems, wells is known as irrigation.
Q. What are the desirable characters of bee varieties suitable for honey production?
Ans: Various varieties of bees are used for honey production such as Apis indica, Apis florae, A. mellifera . The desirable characters of bee varieties for honey production are:
1. The bee should have high honey collection capacity.
2. It should sting less.
3. It should stay in a beehive for longer periods.
4. It should breed very well.
Q. What is pasturage and how is it related to honey production?
Ans: Pasturage means flowers available to bees for nectar.
The quality and kind of pasturage or flowers available has impact production and taste of honey.
Q. What are the advantages of Intercropping and Crop rotation?
Ans:
Inter-cropping: It is an agriculture practice of growing two or more crops togather in a same field in definite rows.
Intercropping increases production per unit area.
Example: Soyabean and Maize are grown togather.
Crop Rotation: The growing of different crops on same land in succession is called crop rotation.
Crop rotation controls Pests and Weeds. It also reduces need of fertilizers.
Example: Mustard is grown after Maize.
Q. What is genetic manipulation? How it is useful in agriculture practices?
Ans: The use of biotechnology to induce certain traits at genetic level in crops is genetic manipulation.
These traits include resistance to diseases, High yeild.
Genetic manipulation can be achieved by hybridization, DNA recombinant technology.
Such practices help to create high yeilding varieties of crop.
It helps to create diseases resistant varieties of crop.
They helps to create drought and heat resistant varieties of crop.
Q. What is irrigation?
Ans: The process of supplying adequate water to crops by means of canals, rivers, pumps, lift systems, wells is known as irrigation.
Q. What are bio-fertilizers?
Ans: Biofertilizers are microorganisms which help in fertilization of soil. They supply macronutrients to the soil such as nitrogen.
E.g. Cynobacteria, Rhizobium etc.
Q. What are the benifits of cattle farming?
Ans: Benifits of cattle farming are:
1. It provides milk, meat and leather.
2. Draught animals are used in agricultural work.
3. The waste generated from these animals is be used as manure.
4. It is good source of income.
Q. How do good animal husbandry practices benefit farmers?
Ans: Good animal husbandry practices increase the yeild of milk, meat, eggs etc.
It helps in proper growth of animals and keeps them diseases free.
It helps in breed improvement.
Q. How do you differentiate between capture fishing, mariculture and aqua culture?
Ans:
Capture fishing: It means rearing of fishes in hatcheries and ponds.
It is carried out near seas, rivers and streams.
E.g Trout hatcheries.
Mariculture: Mariculture means rearing of marine organisms for food amd other products.
It is carried out in natural environment or sea based enclosures.
Aquaculture: Aquaculture means rearing, and harvesting of water plants and animals in all types of water bodies including ponds, rivers, lakes and oceans.
Q. For increased production, what is common in poultry, fisheries and bee keeping?
Ans:
Maintaining hygienic conditions.
Propet space with optimum temperature and humidity
Healthy diet, medication etc
Breeding techniques to create yielding species.
Ans:
Maintaining hygienic conditions.
Propet space with optimum temperature and humidity
Healthy diet, medication etc
Breeding techniques to create yielding species.
...........................
